Pathways of migration from gaming to gambling.

Gaming and gambling have been studied in terms of similarity of its manifestations. There is a dearth of empirical-based evidence for the exploration of pathways to understand the shift from gaming to gambling. A 23-year-old male from a nuclear family was assessed using clinical interview for the pathways for shifting from gaming to gambling. The pathways were personality predispositions, maladaptive coping, interpersonal distress, peer pressure, variable reward anticipation, addiction characteristics in the form of craving, loss of control and use despite having consequences. These findings suggest that there is a need to create awareness among young adults about these potential causes related to transition from gaming to gambling.

A Novel Calcium Uptake Transporter of Uncharacterized P-Type ATPase Family Supplies Calcium for Cell Surface Integrity in Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Ca2+ plays an important role in the physiology of bacteria. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are tightly maintained in the nanomolar range. Molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ uptake in bacteria remain elusive. Here we show that CtpE is responsible for Ca2+ uptake in Mycobacterium smegmatis It represents a previously uncharacterized P-type ATPase family in bacteria. Disruption of ctpE in M. smegmatis resulted in a mutant with impaired growth under Ca2+-deficient conditions. The growth defect of the mutant could be rescued by Ca2+ or by ectopic expression of ctpE from M. smegmatis or the orthologous gene (Rv0908) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Radioactive transport assays revealed that CtpE is a Ca2+-specific transporter. Ca2+ deficiency increased expression of ctpE, resulting in increased 45Ca2+ accumulation in cells. ctpE is a gene that is part of an operon, which is negatively regulated by Ca2+ The ctpE mutant also showed hypersensitivity to polymyxin B, increased biofilm formation, and higher cell aggregation, indicating cell envelope defects. Our work establishes, for the first time, the presence of Ca2+ uptake pumps of the energy-dependent P-type ATPase superfamily in bacteria and also implicates that intracellular Ca2+ is essential for growth and cell envelope integrity in M. smegmatisIMPORTANCE Ca2+ is essential for gene regulation, enzymatic activity, and maintenance of structural integrity of cell walls in bacteria. Bacteria maintain intracellular calcium concentrations in a narrow range, creating a gradient with low cytoplasmic calcium concentration and high extracellular calcium concentration. Due to this steep gradient, active pumps belonging to family 2 of P-type ATPases and antiporters are used for Ca2+ efflux, whereas Ca2+ uptake is usually carried out by channels. Molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ uptake in bacteria are still elusive and are mainly limited to a nonproteinaceous channel in Escherichia coli and a pH-dependent channel protein from Bacillus subtilis Energy-dependent active transporters are not reported for Ca2+ uptake from any organism. Here we show that CtpE belonging to a family of previously uncharacterized bacterial P-type ATPases is involved in specific uptake of Ca2+ into Mycobacterium smegmatis We also demonstrate that intracellular Ca2+ obtained through CtpE is essential for growth and maintenance of cell surface properties under Ca2+-deficient conditions.

Genome sequence of Rheinheimera sp. strain A13L, isolated from Pangong Lake, India.

Rheinheimera sp. strain A13L, which has antimicrobial activity, was isolated from alkaline brackish water of the high-altitude Pangong Lake of Ladakh, India. Here we report the draft genome sequence of Rhienheimera sp. strain A13L (4,523,491 bp with a G+C content of 46.23%). The genome is predicted to contain genes for marinocine and colicin V production, which may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the strain.

Genome sequence of Idiomarina sp. strain A28L, isolated from Pangong Lake, India.

Idiomarina sp. strain A28L was isolated from the alkaline brackish water of a high-altitude lake, Pangong Lake. Here, we present the draft genome of Idiomarina sp. strain A28L, which contains 2,591,567 bp with a G+C content of 45.5 mol% and contains 2,299 protein-coding genes and 56 structural RNAs.